Science Materials

Heart Comprehension Sheet

1. Where is your heart located?

To the left of the center of your chest.

2. What does your heart do for your body?

It is a pump that moves blood through your body.

3. How is the left side of your heart different from the right side?

The right side receives blood from your body and pumps it into your lungs.
The left side receives blood from the lungs and pumps it into your body.

4. Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast the functions of
arteries and veins.



5. What are some things you can do to keep your heart healthy?

Eat healthy foods, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.
Exercise to keep your blood pumping hard.


Bill Nye: “Heart” Video Listening Guide

1.          Your heart is a muscle that is about as big as your fist.


2.          Your heart has 2_ sides and it has 4__ chambers.


3.          Valves are structures that keep the blood flowing in one direction.


4.          The normal heart beats between 60 - 100 beats per minute.


5.          Exercise makes your heart beat faster because the muscles need more oxygen.


6.          In the right side of your heart wall is a patch of nerves called the  sinoatrial that sends
electrical signals to your heart.


7.          The muscles in your arms and legs have veins that look like stripes.


8.          Heart muscle looks like a combination of striated and smooth muscle.


9.          You can make your heart muscle stronger by exercising.


10.      When you cut a blood vessel, your body forms a blood clot to prevent blood from leaking out.


11.      How is the blood pumped in the body during heart surgery?  Heart and lung machine.


12.      When you stand up quickly you sometimes feel “light-headed” because:  of gravity.  Blood stays lower in your body and the heart cannot pump it up fast enough.




13.    The kind of fat that is bad for you is animal fat because it can clog your arteries.



Study Guide             The Circulatory System
Quiz on Tuesday, June 7th

1.  Know the parts of the circulatory system, their structures and functions. (Your Chart)
2.  Study page 29 of your text.  Know what the blood cells are and their functions.
3.  Review the Bill Nye “Heart” Video Listening Guide.

4.  Know “Your Heart” comprehension sheet and questions.




Bill Nye Blood and Circulation Video

Click here if video doesn't play:
Bill Nye - Blood and Circulation by curtdogg85





Click here if video doesn't play:
Bill Nye Heart Video
Bill Nye The Science Guy 4x16 - Heart by BillNyeTheScienceGuyTV
The Structures and Functions of the Major Organs of the Circulatory System

Major Organ
Structure
Function
Heart
About the size of your closed fist.  It is divided into two parts by a sheet of muscle called a septum.
Heart valves work like one way doors to keep the blood in the two parts from mixing.  Your heart is a powerful machine that can pump blood to and from the farthest regions of your body.  It has to push your blood through 80 000km of capillaries alone, not counting the larger arteries and veins.
Blood Vessels
Three kinds are: arteries, capillaries, veins
Carries nutrients and oxygen to your cells and takes wastes, like carbon dioxide out of your cells.
Arteries
Thick muscular vessels.  The inner layer of an artery is “leak-proof”.  The outer layer is stretchy.  In between is a layer of muscle.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Veins
Most veins have valves that act like one-way doors to keep the blood moving along toward the heart.  Veins have the same layers as arteries but they have thinner walls, since the blood pressure in veins is much lower.  Veins join together in larger and larger veins until they reach the heart.
Most veins carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart from every part of the body.
Capillaries
The smallest of the blood vessels.
Capillaries take oxygen and nutrients from the arteries to the cells.  Then they take the wastes from the cells back to the veins.
Blood
The red fluid that circulates in the blood vessels.  Made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
A road system built to transport the good your body needs from place to place.  Also see page 29 in text.







































Body Works Lesson 8
What happens when you breathe?

1.   What is your diaphragm?  How can you locate it on your body?
Your diaphragm is a strong sheet of muscle which separates your lungs from the organs below it.  I can feel it move when I breathe in and out.

2.   Some people with hay fever, asthma or allergies to things like animal fluff and dust mites can have difficulty with their bronchial tubes which causes problems with their breathing.  What is happening to their bronchial tubes and what do they do about it?
The bronchial tubes close up and they have difficulty breathing.  To help them breathe more easily, some people have to use an inhaler regularly.

3.   What should you do when you feel the urge to sneeze?  Why?
Sneeze.  Sneezing helps get rid of harmful substances.

4.   What is carbon monoxide and how is it produced?

Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas produced by any motor that runs on gasoline.

5.  The dangers of smoking are printed on every cigarette package, yet many, many people smoke.  Make a list of reasons why you think people ever start to smoke at all.
Answers may vary.  Peer pressure, to be "cool", curiosity.

 Respiratory System                      Study Guide
Quiz Date: Monday, May 9th  
Ø Know the structures and functions of the respiratory system. (Your chart)
Ø Read pages 22-25 in textbook.
Ø Be able to label the respiratory system with these parts:
nasal passage
trachea
lung
diaphragm
bronchial tubes


Ø Read and understand the questions for Lesson 6, Activity 1 and What Happens When You Breathe sheet.

 Lesson 6; Activity 1 Sheet Answers
1.








2.  Blood has to go to the lungs to allow for gas exchange.  Blood picks up oxygen from the lungs in exchange for carbon dioxide.


3.   No, because the lungs do not have muscles themselves.


4.  Carbon dioxide goes into a balloon when you blow it up.  When we exhale, we are getting rid of carbon dioxide.


Answers:  1. F, 2. T, 3. F, 4. F, 5. F, 6. T, 7. D, 8. B, 9. D, 10. A




Bill Nye Respiration 



Bill Nye - The Science Guy - Season 2 Episode... by Bill-Nye-The-Science


Canadian Scientist Assignment:  Due May 2nd.


Study Guide             The Digestive System
1.  Know the parts of the digestive system, their structures and functions.
2.  Know what digestion is and be able to label the digestive system. (Lesson 4; Activity 1 sheet)
3.  Review the Bill Nye fill in sheet on digestion.
4.  Review pages 14–21 in your student text.


MY QUIZ IS ON: __Monday, April 11th, 2016  

The Digestive Process
·        Digestion is the mechanical and chemical process that breaks food down into substances tiny enough to be absorbed by the body’s cells.
·        The process begins in the mouth with chewing.  The teeth bite and tear the food and crush and grind it.  Saliva, which flows from glands in the mouth and cheeks, contains ptyalin, an enzyme that breaks starches into sugars.
·        When you swallow, food enters the digestive tract – an eight metre tube that runs from mouth to anus.
·        In the esophagus, food travels down the chute like passage from your mouth to your stomach with the help of a wavelike action called peristalsis.
·        In the stomach, swallowed food is churned and mixed with gastric juices which prepare the food for further breakdown.  The partially digested food, called chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.
·        About 95% of the digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine.  All that remains are waste materials and mineral-rich water.
·        The elimination of wastes through the large intestine completes the digestive process.  Most of the water is reabsorbed by the intestinal lining, but the solid substances that cannot be used continue down the large intestine to be eliminated from the body.
·        At the end of the digestive process, the feces (poop) pass into the rectum, the short tube at the end of the large intestine.

·        Strong muscles hold the anus closed until enough water builds up, and until a conscious decision is made to defecate (poop).


 Lesson 4; Activity 1 Answers

Food provides the body with energy it requires.  The nutrients the body needs comes from the food and drink we consume.  This process of change is known as digestion.  When food enters the mouth, fluids start changing the starches into sugar that the body can digest with the help of the saliva.  The food continues down the esophagus.  Muscular movements squeeze and push it down to the stomach.  Once in the stomach, some food remains here for awhile.  Other food particles are further broken down by gastric juices.  These juices are made up of water and chemicals that soften the food and kill the bacteria.  This process takes approximately 3 to 4 hours to occur.




Bill Nye Nutrition
Bill Nye The Science Guy Season 4 Episode 2... by BillNyeTheScienceGuyTV

 Bill Nye Digestion

Bill Nye The Science Guy Season 1 Episode 7... by BillNyeTheScienceGuyTV


Bill Nye: Digestion KEY
1.       You aren’t what you eat; you’re what you DIGEST!
2.      Our bodies are like an ENGINE that runs on fuel.
3.      FOOD is fuel for your body.
4.      Food that we eat goes down our ‘food tube’, or ESOPHAGUS, into our STOMACH.
5.      When you get hungry, your stomach muscles CONTRACT to remind you to give it food to digest.
6.      Your stomach contains a strong acid, HYDROCHLORIC acid, to help you break down food.
7.      How long does it take to break down food in the acid in our stomachs?  SEVERAL HOURS
8.      Why doesn’t the acid in our stomachs hurt our stomach?  A MUCUS LINING IN THE STOMACH PROTECTS FROM THE ACID
9.      We eat about 1 KG of food and drink about 3 L of water every day!
10.  Where do the chemicals from our food get absorbed into the body?  IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
11.    For an adult, the small intestine is about 7 M long and the large intestine is about 2M long!
12.  Omit
13.   The muscular contractions that move food down your throat to your stomach (even if you’re upside down or in space!) is called PERISTALSIS.
14.   You make about 1 L of saliva a day!

15.   Your TEETH grind up your food so your body can access the nutrients in it.




 Bill Nye Buoyancy



Quiz on Tuesday, March 1st, 2016

What’s the Matter?         Study Guide      Name:                              

Ø Review definitions (Green words from pages 26-37)
Ø Review all notes and worksheets for lessons 8-11
Ø Review Lessons 8-11 in textbook
Concentrate on:
·        The difference between a physical and chemical changes and be able to give examples of each.
·        Volume and mass during chemical and physical changes and whether matter is created or destroyed.
·        The physical states of water and know how to draw them.
·        When reversible and non-reversible changes occur in physical and chemical changes.

Your test will have:
v Matching definitions
v One complete the chart activity
v Short answer questions
v Fill in the blank




1. Physical Change:  A change in which the particles of a substance are rearranged but do not change.
2. Evaporation:  A change from a liquid to a gas.
3. Reversible Change:  Change that occurs in matter that can be reversed.  Evaporation and condensation are examples of reversible changes.
4. Non-reversible Change:  A change that occurs in matter that cannot be reversed.  Burning wood and frying an egg are examples of non-reversible changes.
5. Chemical Change:  Change in matter that produces a new substance.  Baking a cake mixture is an example of a chemical change.
6. Distillation:  A method of separating a pure liquid from a mixture.


Lesson 8:  Is Matter Created or Destroyed in a Physical Change?
Ø A physical change is when the particles of a substance are rearranged, but do not change.  During a physical change, you do not lose matter and no new material is created.
Ø The volume of a substance may change, but the particles of that substance do not change.  For example, when you dissolve salt in the water, its smallest particles remain the same.  But these particles are now separated from each other and surrounded by water particles.  Only the volume changed not the number or type of particles that make up salt or water.
Ø Another example is breaking a vase.  After the vase broke, it was in many pieces and took up less space, but the particles of the vase remained the same.
Ø Mass is the number of particles that make up a substance and this does not change during a physical change.
Lesson 9: Do Changes of State Affect Water’s Mass or Volume?
Ø When water freezes, its molecules move to a more open spread apart position.

Ø Therefore, frozen water takes up more space than liquid water.
Ø This is what causes ice cubes to float.  They are less dense than liquid water.
Ø Density is the ration of an object’s mass to its volume.
Ø Changes of state help us in our everyday lives.   For example, refrigerators, steam trains, ice rinks.

Lesson 10:  What Are Reversible Changes?
Ø Water can change state from a solid to a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid. 
Ø Melting is a change from a solid to a liquid and freezing is the reverse of this change.
Ø Evaporation is a change from liquid to gas and condensation is the reverse of this change.
Ø These changes are called reversible changes.
Ø Reversible changes are usually, but not always, physical changes.  For example boiling water, which is a physical change, is reversible.  Sanding wood is also a physical change, but it is not reversible.
Ø When a change occurs in matter that is not reversible, it is called a non-reversible change.  For example burning wood or rusting metal.
Ø A chemical change is a change in matter that produces a new substance.  Sometimes they are non-reversible, but not always.

Lesson 11:  What Happens During a Chemical Change?
Ø In chemical changes at least one kind of matter is produced that was not there before the change.
Ø The key things to look for in a chemical change are the signs of one or more new substances after the change.
Ø The new substance may have a different colour, texture, smell, or taste.  There could also be new characteristics such as different boiling and melting points, or giving off heat or light.
Bill Nye - Chemical Reactions by curtdogg85
Quiz Monday, January 25th, 2016

What’s the Matter?

Study Guide Lessons 1-6                            Name:                              

Ø Review definitions for lessons 1-6
Ø Review all notes for lessons 1-6
Ø Review Lessons 1-6 in text
Ø Review Matter sheets.
Concentrate on:
·        The 3 states of matter and how their particles look. (p.8)
·        What is a fair test?  What is a variable?  What is an insulator?(p.10)
·        Know the properties of matter.(p.12)
·        How does matter behave when heating or cooling?(p.16)

Your test will have:
v Six matching definitions
v Ten fill in the blanks (with word bank)
v One complete the chart activity

v Short answer questions

What’s The Matter Notes
Lesson 1:   The Fact of the Matter:  Things Change
Ø Steps of Scientific inquiry:
1.    Ask questions about the problem to help you define it.
2.   Make a hypothesis – a statement about a possible answer of solution to the problem.
3.   Design an investigation to test your hypothesis.
4.   Collect materials you will need.
5.   Conduct your investigation.
6.   Record the results of your investigation.
7.   Draw conclusions from your results.
8.   Communicate your results and conclusions to others.
9.   If possible, relate what you have learned to the world outside the classroom.
Lesson 2:  What is Matter Made Of?
Ø Everything in the universe is made of matter.  Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
Ø Matter can be anything that takes up space and has mass.
Ø Matter changes every day, everywhere.
Ø Gases and liquids behave as they do because of how their particles move when heated.
Ø Matter exists in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.
Ø Which state it is in depends on the arrangement of the tiny particles that make it up.


Ø Solids have a definite volume and hold their shape.  The molecules are very close together.
Ø Liquids have a definite volume and take the shape of their container.  Their molecules move more freely.
Ø Gases have no definite volume and take the volume and shape of their container.  Their molecules are very far apart.
Ø Increasing the temperature breaks up the pattern of particles and they start to move faster and faster.  Heat makes particles expand.  Cooling particles makes them contract.



Lesson 3:  What Is a Fair Test?
Ø When scientists conduct tests, or experiments, they must be sure that their results are as accurate and meaningful as possible.
Ø In a fair test, all the variables, or factors that can affect the results of an experiment, are controlled except the one under investigation.
Lesson 4:  What Are Some Properties of Matter?
Ø Scientists use properties to tell the difference between different kinds of matter. 
Ø Some common properties we use to describe matter include texture, hardness, strength, flexibility, buoyancy and solubility.
Ø Just as a butterfly has a life cycle, a product can also have a life cycle, for example paper.  (Page 14-15)
Lesson 5:  How Does Matter Behave?
Ø All matter has the ability to change states. 
Ø As matter heats, the particles begin to move faster, changing from a solid, to a liquid to a gas.
Ø As matter cools, the particles begin to slow down, changing from a gas, to a liquid to a solid.
Ø When changing between states, there is no effect on its mass.
Lesson 6:  How Can Matter Be Mixed Together?
Ø A solution is a mixture that forms when one substance dissolves into another.
Ø One of the factors that affect the rate at which something dissolves is temperature. 
Ø A solute is the substance that dissolves.
Ø A solvent is the substance the solute dissolves in.
Ø One of the factors that affect the rate at which something dissolves is temperature.
Ø An increase in temperature causes particles to move faster and move apart.  When the solute is a solid, the increased spaces between water molecules make more room for particles of solute, so the solute dissolves faster.
Ø A solvent has a limit of how much solute it can absorb.  Once that point is reached, the solution is said to be saturated and the solute will no longer seem to disappear.

Ø Water is the most commonly used solvent to test for solubility because it is a clear substance and you can see the solubility better.

Matter Definitions
1. Matter:  Everything in the universe is made up of matter.  Matter is anything that takes up space and that has mass.
2. Mass:  The number of particles that make up a substance.
3. Particles:  Small parts (atoms and molecules) that make up matter.
4. Volume:  The amount of space that matter takes up.
5. States:  The tree forms of matter:  solid, liquid or gas.
6. Friction:  The rubbing of one surface against another.
7. Fair Tests:  Exploration carried out under strictly controlled conditions so results are reliable.
8. Variables:  Factors that can affect the results of an experiment.
9. Insulator:  Material that prevents the flow of heat, sound, and electricity.
10. Properties:  Qualities or characteristics of a material, such as mass or colour.
11. Texture:  The way a surface feels to the touch, that is rough, smooth, slimy, and so on.
12. Hardness:  How hard a substance is.
13. Strength:  The power or force of a substance;  the state of being strong.
14. Flexibility:  Ability of a substance to blend easily without breaking.
15. Buoyancy:  The ability to float or rise to the top of a liquid or gas.
16. Solubility:  How well matter can dissolve in other matter.
17. Solution:  A mixture of one substance dissolved in another substance.

 Bill Nye Phases of Matter

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45YNZjYfHb4

Bill Nye Wind

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6NIlMNlTlk






Felix Baumgartner's supersonic freefall from 128k' - Mission Highlights


 https://youtu.be/FHtvDA0W34I





Weatherwise Study Guide            Test: Friday, November 13th

1.      Review all notes given for lessons 1-10 (Also available on my blog)
2.     Know the definitions for:
Ø Weather
Ø Climate
Ø atmosphere
Ø mesosphere
Ø pressure
Ø air pressure
Ø stratosphere
Ø thermosphere
Ø troposphere
Ø ozone
Ø UV rays
Ø water vapour
Ø condense
Ø evaporate
Ø front
Ø barometer
Ø greenhouse gases
Ø pollutant
Ø wind-chill factor

3.     Review the types of clouds, especially cirrus, cumulus, and stratus.
4.     Know the water cycle and be able to draw, label and explain it using the words condensation, evaporation, precipitation and runoff.
5.     Explain why the weight of Earth’s atmosphere doesn’t bother us even though there is a half a ton of pressure on our heads every day. Understand that there is almost no air pressure in space and what would happen if a human didn’t wear protective suits.

6.     Know the layers of the atmosphere.

Weather Notes

What is the Atmosphere?
Ø The atmosphere blankets the Earth with an invisible mixture of gases.  This mixture is known as air.
Ø Air is all around you. 
Ø Air has no shape, colour, smell or taste.
Ø Air takes up space and has weight.
Ø Air is made of very tiny particles.  The particles at the top of the atmosphere are far apart without much weight on them.  Air particles at the bottom of the atmosphere are pressed close together by the weight of the air above them.
Ø The air above you puts about half a tonne of weight on the top of your head.
Ø The air over your head does not smash you flat, because you have air inside you that pushes back against the air outside you.
Ø Air pushes in all directions all the time.

How Does the Sun Affect the Atmosphere?
Ø The atmosphere acts as a shield, keeping some of the sun’s energy from getting to Earth’s surface.
Ø Earth’s atmosphere does not block light energy.

Ø The atmosphere traps solar heat and protects our planet from meteor showers, and harmful UV and cosmic rays.
Ø The radiation that is absorbed by Earth’s surface is then radiated upward as heat energy.
Ø Clouds keep this heat energy on Earth and acts like a blanket keeping our planet warm.
Ø The more UV rays reach the Earth, the quicker skin can be damaged. It can also damage your eyes and cause skin cancer.
Ø When oxygen in the atmosphere comes in contact with UV rays, it changes into another form of oxygen called ozone.  Ozone absorbs UV rays.
Ø Air pollution destroys the ozone layer and because of this, more UV rays are getting through to Earth than 40 years ago.
How Do Clouds and Rain Form?
Ø Water vapour in the atmosphere becomes a cloud when it cools and comes into contact with tiny particles of dust.
Ø There are three basic kinds of clouds:
ü Cirrus: light, feathery and formed of ice crystals.
ü Cumulus:  puffy, rounded and are called “fair weather” clouds.
ü Stratus: layered, spread out and form on a damp, foggy day.
Ø You will often see clouds that look like combinations of these clouds: Stratocumulus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus, Altocumulus, Altostratus, Nimbostratus, Cumulonimbus
Ø The word “nimbus” means “rain cloud,” and nimbus clouds are dark grey.
Ø The word “alto” means middle level.

The Water Cycle:  describes the movement of water.


Ø In the water cycle, water from oceans, lakes, swamps, rivers, plants, and even you, can turn into water vapor.
Ø Water vapor condenses into millions of tiny droplets that form clouds.
Ø Clouds lose their water as rain or snow, which is called precipitation.
Ø Precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs off into rivers.
Ø Water that was absorbed into the ground is taken up by plants.
Ø Plants lose water from their surfaces as vapor back into the atmosphere.
Ø Water that runs off into rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans where it evaporates back into the atmosphere.
Ø The cycle continues


What Causes the Wind?
Ø Temperature changes help cause wind.  Lighter air is pushed upward by heavier air flowing in underneath it.
Ø Warm air is lighter than cool air and rises up.  Cool air is heavier and sinks.
Ø An area where the air is heavy (cool) is a high-pressure area.
Ø An area where the air is light and rises (warm) is a low-pressure area.
Ø Air moves from a high-pressure area into a lower-pressure area.  If the two areas are close together, the air will move fast.
Ø Wind is named for the direction from which it blows.  Example: a west wind blows from west to east.
How Do Storms Form?
Ø Sometimes a strong, fast column of rising warm air starts spinning.  It forms a tube of air that hangs from the thunderstorm like an elephant’s trunk.  This is called a tornado.
Ø A tornado acts like a vacuum cleaner, sucking in air at the bottom and whirling it upwards, picking up anything in its path.
Ø No one knows why tornados form in some storms and not in others.
Ø Thunderstorms:  Giant cumulonimbus clouds can rise up sometimes reaching the beginning of the stratosphere.  Warm air rising inside the cloud carries water vapour up from the Earth’s surface.  At the same time, condensed droplets join together and fall as rain.  All the different forces in motion cause high winds and lightning.
Ø Lightning and thunder form when, particles with an electric charge zigzag from the cloud toward Earth.  Particles with a different electric charge move upward from Earth.  The two charges meet and a powerful electric current begins to flow between the cloud and Earth.  Lightning’s heat causes air to expand.  Cooler air movies in.  The air movement starts sound waves that you hear as thunder.
How Do Weather Systems Move?
Ø Masses of air move across the surface of Earth, pushing against each other. 
Ø The axis is an invisible line through Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole.
Ø Warm air first travels from the equator towards the North and South poles.  As air cools down it flows back towards the equator.
Ø Most of the time, weather in Canada moves from west to east.
Ø Earth’s axis tilts and the direction of the tilt does not change.  And the surface of the Earth is curved.  The sun’s energy rays strike different places at different angles during the year.
Ø Climate is determined by the amount of the sun’s energy the place gets, its distance from oceans, wind patterns, and the shape of the land.
Ø Winds push giant air masses across the surface of the Earth until they run into other air masses.  This is a front.
Ø You can expect a change of weather when a front moves through.
Ø Warm fronts are masses of warm air that move forward against masses of cold air.
Ø Cold fronts are masses of cold air that move forward against masses of warm air.
How Do People Predict Weather?
Ø There was no reliable record of daily weather patterns until the beginning of the twentieth century.
Ø Technology plays a big part in weather forecasting today. 
ü We use satellite pictures to see where clouds are and how they are moving.
ü We use radar to find out where there is precipitation.  The radar beam travels through the atmosphere and if it hits a rain or snow sized droplet, it echoes back.
ü Weather stations collect data such as air temperature, dew point temperature, air pressure, wind speed, and wind direction.
ü Weather balloons are sent into the troposphere and collect all kinds of measurements to help predict the weather.  They are programmed to radio the information back to a weather station.
Ø In Canada, all this information is collected and sent to supercomputers at the Canadian Meteorological Centre in Montreal. 
Ø The supercomputer uses the information to create a model of the atmosphere for the next five days around the world.
Ø Meteorologists are people who study weather.
Ø A barometer shows changes in air pressure.  A fall in air pressure often precedes a storm.
How Does the Weather Affect You?
Ø Before there were organized weather forecasts, people paid close attention to the sky, the clouds, and the feel of the air, the winds, and the temperature to forecast the weather.
Ø The type of materials a builder uses to build a home is dependent on climate. 
Ø Heat makes materials expand and cold makes materials contract.
Ø In a Canadian climate, builders need materials that don’t expand or contract very much because we can have very hot summers and very cold winters.
Ø Materials that do expand and contract a lot can break apart which is not something you want to happen to your home.
How Could Greenhouse Gases Change the Atmosphere?
Ø The gases in the stratosphere that are good at trapping heat are the greenhouse gases.
Ø Greenhouse gases keep the Earth’s atmosphere warm enough for humans and other living things to survive.
Ø Carbon dioxide and water vapour are the most common greenhouse gases.
Ø Acid rain is rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when pollution from car exhausts and other industry emissions combine with water.
Ø The major cause of acid rain is car exhaust.
Ø Carbon dioxide is not a harmful gas by itself.  It does not hurt you to breathe carbon dioxide as long as you have enough oxygen to breathe at the same time.
Ø Plants need carbon dioxide to grow.






High above the Earth is the exosphere, the final layer of our atmosphere. This layer extends into space. Solar winds compress it and push it down. When the winds are still, this layer can extend more than 6,000 miles into space. The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere are those of the lightest atmospheric gasses. Hydrogen is present throughout the exosphere, with some helium, carbon dioxide, and atomic oxygen near its base. Because it can be difficult to define the boundary between the exosphere and outer space, the exosphere may be considered a part of outer space.


Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere


The Earth's Atmosphere

The layer of air that surrounds Earth is called the atmosphere.
The atmosphere looks like a thin blanket surrounding the planet.
The earth is made of billions and billions of gas particles.
Earth's air contains many gases. Look at the graph.
What percentage of the air is nitrogen? 78
oxygen? 21
argon? 0.93
carbon dioxide? 0.035
Water vapor in the atmosphere ranges from 0-4%.
Earth's atmosphere also contains dust particles. What kinds of things do you think make up the dust particles in the air?
(dirt, soot, pollen grains, meteor remains, etc.)
Dust particles provide a surface for water vapor to condense on so it can become precipitation such as rain, snow or hail.
Another gas that exists in tiny quantities is ozone .It
is made of three oxygen molecules (rather than 2 in oxygen gas.)
Most ozone is in the layer that is 10-50 km (6-30 miles) high. Most
ozone is in the stratosphere layer. Ozone protects life on Earth by absorbing some of the suns's harmful rays.
©
Bill Nye Atmosphere

https://youtu.be/KNUvM8wF-Mg


There are five important processes that make up the water cycle.
1.    Condensation - the opposite of evaporation. Condensation occurs when a gas is changed into a liquid.
2.   Accumulation/Runoff - Much of the water that returns to Earth as precipitation runs off the surface of the land, and flows downhill into streams, rivers, ponds and lakes.
3.   Evaporation - the process where a liquid, in this case water, changes from its liquid state to a gaseous state.
4.   Precipitation - When the temperature and atmospheric pressure are right, the small droplets of water in clouds form larger droplets and precipitation occurs. The raindrops fall to Earth. 
5.   Transpiration - As plants absorb water from the soil, the water moves from the roots through the stems to the leaves. Once the water reaches the leaves, some of it evaporates from the leaves, adding to the amount of water vapor in the air. This process of evaporation through plant leaves is called transpiration.



Clouds to Review






The Water Cycle







Bill Nye: Water Cycle





Storms


 




1.   What 3 things cause storms?


Heat of the sun, water in the air and spin of the Earth.


  1. Storms are ___Extreme  weather



  1. What occurs over the Pacific that effects worldwide weather?

El Nino: a mysteriously warm body of water


  1. Which band of wind stops?

Trade winds


  1. Where do hurricanes get their spin?

The spin of the Earth


  1. Electricity is the __Flow of electrons



  1. What should you do if you are in a field during a thunderstorm?

Get short and make as little contact with the ground.


  1. How much hotter is lightning than the sun?

Five times hotter


  1. What is the great spot on Jupiter?

A hurricane.


  1. Why doesn’t it die down?

Jupiter is huge and spinning fast.

 

Bill Nye Storms on YouTube



  Weather Definitions

Ø Air Pressure:  The force with which air pushes against Earth’s surface.
Ø Atmosphere:  The air that surrounds Earth.
Ø Barometer:  An instrument for measuring air pressure.
Ø Climate:  The long term, average or usual weather conditions for an area.
Ø Condense:  To change from a vapour or gas to a liquid.
Ø Evaporate:  To change into a gas or vapour.
Ø Front:  the forward edge of a moving mass of warm or cool air; the place where two air masses meet.
Ø Greenhouse gases:  Gases that absorb heat in the atmosphere.
Ø Mesosphere:  The layer of the Earth’s atmosphere just above the stratosphere, extending to about 80 km above the surface of Earth.
Ø Ozone:  An unstable form of oxygen that is created when oxygen comes in contact with UV rays; ozone forms a protective layer in the stratosphere.
Ø Pollutant:  a substance, often a waste material such as smoke or dust that spoils an environment.
Ø Stratosphere:  a layer of the atmosphere, beginning about 16 km up, in which temperatures are more or less uniform and clouds are rare.
Ø Thermosphere:  a layer of the atmosphere above the mesosphere, extending between about 200 km and about 500 km above the surface of Earth.
Ø Troposphere:  The layer of the atmosphere extending from Earth’s surface to the stratosphere.  This is where weather happens.
Ø UV rays:  Invisible, high-energy rays from the sun that can damage unprotected eyes and skin; also called ultraviolet rays.
Ø Water vapour:  Water in its gaseous form.
Ø Weather:  The air conditions outside a certain time and place.
Ø Wind-chill factor:  A temperature that is a measure of how cold the air feels to human skin, taking into account the chilling effect of the wind, as well as the actual air temperature.

 

 

 













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